User:Asaikana/地理大发现有关条目编写计划/沙盒1

[[File:Alvise Cadamosto.jpg|thumb|阿尔维塞·卡达莫斯托（[[丢勒]]，1508年）<ref>该画最初收藏于[[维也纳]][[阿尔贝蒂娜博物馆]]，为一名非洲男子的肖像，'''并非卡达莫斯托本人'''，但这幅图曾被[[法国]]出版的卡达莫斯托著作''《Voyages en Afrique Noire》''（2003版）作为封面图片，由于该书的影响力，现在常常被代指和误指为卡达莫斯托本人肖像。</ref>]] '''阿尔维塞·卡达莫斯托'''（{{lang-pt|'''Alvise Cadamosto'''或'''Alvide da Ca' da Mosto'''}}<ref>在葡萄牙，有时也称'''路易斯·卡达莫斯托'''（'''Luís Cadamosto'''）</ref>，{{IPA-pt|aɫˈviz(ɨ) kɐðaˈmoʃtu}}；{{bd|约1432年||1483年|7月16日|catIdx=C卡}}）是一位为[[葡萄牙王国|葡萄牙]][[恩里克王子]]效力的[[威尼斯共和国|威尼斯]][[奴隶贸易|奴隶商人]]和[[探险家]]。他因[[1455年]]至[[1456年]]间和[[热那亚共和国|热那亚]]船长[[安东尼奥托·乌索迪马雷]]一同对[[西非]]沿海的探险而闻名于世。阿尔维塞·卡达莫斯托和他的伙伴们发现了[[佛得角群岛]]，探索了从[[刚果河]]到[[热巴河]]（今[[几内亚比绍]]境内）之间的[[几内亚 (地区)|几内亚]]海岸，这是自[[1446年]]以来恩里克王子主持的[[非洲]]沿岸探险进程中最重大的飞跃性突破。阿尔维塞·卡达莫斯托还在他的探险途中做了详尽的记录，其中包括当时西非人类社会与生活的详细观察报告，这对后世史学家来说是无价的历史考据资料。 == 人物背景 == 阿尔维塞出生于[[威尼斯]][[大运河 (威尼斯)|大运河]]岸边一座名为[[卡达莫斯托 (建筑)|卡达莫斯托]]（Ca' da Mosto）的宅邸中，他的姓即由此而来。他的父亲叫做乔凡尼·达莫斯托（Giovanni da Mosto），是一位威尼斯公务员和商人。他的母亲是伊丽莎白·奎里尼，来自[[威尼斯共和国|威尼斯]]的一个上级贵族家庭。阿尔维塞是家中的长子，他还有两个弟弟分别叫做彼得罗和安东尼奥。 但出身富贵的阿尔维塞在尚且年幼之时便因故被逐出家门，搭乘威尼斯[[单层大帆船]]在[[地中海]]进行贸易和探险，投身航海事业。在[[1442年|1442]]至[[1448年]]间，阿尔维塞在他的亲戚——一个叫做安德烈亚·巴尔巴里戈（Andrea Barbarigo）的贸易代表的船上参加了包括开往[[巴巴利海岸]]和[[克里特]]等地的各种远航<ref>Verrier (1994: p.7)</ref>。[[1451年]]，他被任命为一支海军弓弩手军团的贵族军官，随一只单层大帆船开往[[亚历山德里亚]]<ref>Verrier (1994: p.7)：在远程航行的单层大帆船中装备20-30人的弓弩手，并由1-2名贵族军官负责指挥，是威尼斯的代表性特色。卡达莫斯托在同一年通过了一项特别考试，因此有资格担任此职。</ref>。翌年，他又在一只开往[[弗兰德斯]]的船上担任同样职位。在他返航时，他得知了家族衰败和破产的噩耗。他的父亲陷入了一项贿赂丑闻，被威尼斯驱逐出境，逃难至[[摩德纳公国]]<ref>Verrier, 1994: p.8</ref>。而他的奎里尼家族的亲戚们则趁机夺取了他家里的财产和领地。这一变故断送了阿尔维塞在威尼斯的前途，并被普遍认为是促成他下决心参加航海探险，以求通过自己的能力来创造财富、恢复家族荣誉的动机和巨大动力。 == 非洲探险 == [[1454年]]，22岁的阿尔维塞和他的弟弟安东尼奥登上一只由马可·泽恩（Marco Zen）担任船长的单层大帆船，前往[[弗兰德斯]]。途中，因为天气原因，该船被迫在[[葡萄牙]][[圣文森特角]]附近抛锚，等候天气情况好转。与此同时，驻扎在附近航海城镇[[萨格里什]]的葡萄牙[[恩里克王子]]派出由他的书记官[[安唐·贡萨尔维斯]]率领的几个贸易代表，在当地的威尼斯领事帕特里齐奥·迪孔蒂（Patrizio di Conti）陪同下<ref>代表团成员名单参见：Russell (2000: p.292)</ref>，与被迫逗留于此的威尼斯商人们接洽，以求能和他们达成关于[[蔗糖]]等一些其他商品的贸易合约<ref>1420年，恩里克王子手下的冒险家[[若昂·贡萨尔维斯·扎尔科|扎尔科]]和[[特里斯唐·瓦斯·特谢拉|特谢拉]]等发现了[[马德拉群岛]]，该岛十分适合种植[[甘蔗]]。马德拉群岛殖民化后，蔗糖成为了该岛特产，也成为了葡萄牙重要的贸易商品。</ref>在从到访的葡萄牙人代表团口中听说了恩里克王子最近在非洲的探险发现后，卡达莫斯托当场“极其激动的要求前往这些新发现的地区”<ref>Cadamosto, in Kerr, p.204</ref>。他随即前往位于[[拉波塞拉]]的王子府邸拜见了恩里克王子，并提出了远征非洲的意愿，王子也欣然接受，当场雇用了他。 （注：与众不同的是，16世纪的葡萄牙史学家[[达米安·德古伊斯]]错误地提出，卡达莫斯托与恩里克王子的这一次相会经历发生在1444年而非1454年。<ref>[[达米安·德古伊斯]]（Damião de Góis）（1567年）''《Chronica do prinçipe Dom Ioam》''（1905年版，见[http://books.google.com/books?id=_IoDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA20#v=onepage&q&f=false p. 20-21]）</ref> 由于古伊斯在史学界的威望，这一错误的时间被后世很多史学家和著作引用，造成了年代上的混乱。<ref>例如昆特拉（1839年版，见[http://books.google.com/books?id=gftWAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA114#v=onepage&q&f=false 第114页]）的著作中参照了这一错误的时间，将卡达莫斯托的第一次航行时间写成了1445年。参见Cortesão (1931:p.27)</ref>） === 第一次航行（1455年） === 阿尔维塞·卡达莫斯托于1455年3月22日出航进行他的第一次非洲航行。恩里克王子赞助了他一艘43吨的卡拉维尔帆船，船主[[维森特·迪亚士]]与其同行<ref>鲁塞尔（2000年，第294页）</ref>。他首先到达[[圣港岛]]和[[马德拉岛]]，接着迂回至[[加那利群岛]]，在[[戈梅拉岛]]、[[耶罗岛]]和[[拉帕尔马岛]]稍作停留，直至到达[[布朗角]]附近的非洲海岸。卡达莫斯托在他的记录里提到了葡萄牙刚刚建立的殖民据点[[阿尔金]]，但似乎他并没有在那里靠岸。 卡达莫斯托继续沿着非洲大陆海岸南下，到达了[[塞内加尔河]]口（他在第一次记录时称之为''Rio do Senega''）。卡达莫斯托并未在那里停留，而是沿着[[大海岸]]继续南下，在一个他称为''Palma di Budomel''的地方下锚了（具体位置不详，可能在今[[塞内加尔]]境内[[姆博罗]]附近，{{coord|15|09|42|N|16|55|45|W}}）<ref>Cadamosto (Kerr, [http://books.google.com/books?id=YVjm2VmuOlgC&pg=PA225#v=onepage&q&f=false p.225] 意大利语版: [http://books.google.com/books?id=iZ5TZHXOnYcC&pg=RA2-PA113#v=onepage&q&f=false p.111]; 葡萄牙语版: [http://books.google.com/books?id=eCsOAAAAYAAJ&dq=editions%3ALCCN05004414&as_brr=1&pg=PA33#v=onepage&q&f=false p.33] 根据卡达莫斯托记述，他下锚的地点位于塞内加尔河以南64英里，佛得角以北32英里处。由此推断，Russell (2000: p.299) 主张该处位于今天的姆博罗附近。)。卡达莫斯托指出，该地早已是葡萄牙的贸易范围了。他提到“在我这次航行的五年前”<ref>Cadamosto (Kerr, p.220; 意大利语版: p.110; 葡萄牙语版: p.27 ) The chronicle of the [[Henry the Navigator|Henrican]] discoveries by [[Gomes Eanes de Zurara]] ends in 1448, with hostilities still raging between the Wolofs and the Portuguese. How it transitioned to peace and trade is uncertain. Russell (2000: p.297), citing a later document (f. 1489), suggests trade was opened up by a certain [[Lourenço Dias]]. This is possibly the same Lourenço Dias that participated in the flopped slave raid of [[Lançarote de Freitas]] in 1445/46, and returned later (sometime between 1448 and 1450) and managed to set things on a new footing. He may be related to Cadamosto's ship-master [[Vincente Dias]] (who also might have travelled with Lançarote). Later in his account (Kerr, p.232), Cadamosto notes that, prior to his journey, he had consulted with a Genoese trader in Portugal (name not given) who had come to Palma di Budomel the year before, and gave him an account of trade and reception he might encounter at this anchorage.</ref>，葡萄牙人就和这里的[[沃洛夫人]]有了接触并打开了贸易之门。 Cadamosto cruised down the west African coast to the mouth of the [[Senegal River]] (which he calls the ''Rio do Senega'', the first recorded use of that name.) He does not seem to have stopped here, his destination being further south, at an achorage point along the [[Grande Côte]] he called the ''Palma di Budomel'' (location uncertain, probably around [[Mboro]], {{coord|15|09|42|N|16|55|45|W}}).<ref>Cadamosto (Kerr, [http://books.google.com/books?id=YVjm2VmuOlgC&pg=PA225#v=onepage&q&f=false p.225] Ital: [http://books.google.com/books?id=iZ5TZHXOnYcC&pg=RA2-PA113#v=onepage&q&f=false p.111]; Port: [http://books.google.com/books?id=eCsOAAAAYAAJ&dq=editions%3ALCCN05004414&as_brr=1&pg=PA33#v=onepage&q&f=false p.33]). Cadamosto places it 64 miles south of the mouth of the Senegal river and 32 miles north of Cape Vert. Russell (2000: p.299) tentatively locates it at or around modern Mboro town.</ref> Cadamosto notes that this spot (or ''resgate'') was already used by Portuguese traders. He dates that trade between the Portuguese and the [[Wolof people]] of the Senegal region was opened around 1450 ("five years before I went on this voyage").<ref>Cadamosto (Kerr, p.220; Ital: p.110; Port: p.27 ) The chronicle of the [[Henry the Navigator|Henrican]] discoveries by [[Gomes Eanes de Zurara]] ends in 1448, with hostilities still raging between the Wolofs and the Portuguese. How it transitioned to peace and trade is uncertain. Russell (2000: p.297), citing a later document (f. 1489), suggests trade was opened up by a certain [[Lourenço Dias]]. This is possibly the same Lourenço Dias that participated in the flopped slave raid of [[Lançarote de Freitas]] in 1445/46, and returned later (sometime between 1448 and 1450) and managed to set things on a new footing. He may be related to Cadamosto's ship-master [[Vincente Dias]] (who also might have travelled with Lançarote). Later in his account (Kerr, p.232), Cadamosto notes that, prior to his journey, he had consulted with a Genoese trader in Portugal (name not given) who had come to Palma di Budomel the year before, and gave him an account of trade and reception he might encounter at this anchorage.</ref> Cadamosto had sought to trade Iberian horses for black [[slaves]], the principal line of business at this ''resgate''. Horses were highly valued on the Senegalese coast, and traded at a rate of between 9 and 14 slaves per horse. Cadamosto is said to have sold seven horses and some woolen goods (a total value of around 300 [[ducats]]) for about 100 slaves.<ref>Verrier (1994: p.136), Russell (2000: p.299-300).</ref> While at the anchorage, Cadamosto was surprised to be met by the ruler himself, the [[Damel]] of [[Cayor]] (whom he calls ''Budomel''), accompanied by his retinue. The Damel invited him inland while the details of the trade were finalized. Cadamosto spent nearly an entire month in an inland village, hosted by the prince Bisboror (Budomel's nephew), during which time he delighted in observing much about the local country and customs.<ref>Cadamosto (Kerr, p.226; Ital: p.111r, Port:p.34) says he spent the month of ''November'' in Budomel's village. Given that the next date he reports is ''June'' (when he meets Antoniotto (Kerr p.238)), this implies June 1456. This is undoubtedly a transcription error, as we know (from, e.g. Usodimare's letter) they were back in Portugal before the end of 1455 (moreover, it would also imply he stayed an entire ''year'' hanging around Cayor with a cargo of slaves, which is highly unlikely). It is probable that Cadamosto meant to say he spent all of ''May'' 1455 (not November) in Budomel's village and met Usodimare in June, 1455. See Quintella (p.121-22n), Verrier (1994: p.136).</ref> His trade in Cayor completed, rather than return home with his [[slaves|human cargo]], Cadamosto decided to cruise further down the coast, towards the [[Cape Vert]] peninsula.<ref>In another error, Cadamosto (Kerr, p.237) reports Cape Vert pensinsula was discovered by the Portuguese "about a year before". This is untrue - it was discovered a decade before, around 1446, by [[Dinis Dias]] (or Dinis Fernandes). However, there had not been many voyages below it since.</ref> This was intended as a pure exploratory jaunt, "to discover new countries" beyond the Cape, more specifically the mysterious "kingdom called Gambra", where Prince [[Henry the Navigator|Henry]] had heard (from earlier slave captives) that gold was found in abundance.<ref>Cadamosto (Kerr, p.237; Ital: p.114; Port, p.49)</ref> Around Cape Vert, in June 1455,<ref>Sometimes erroneously reported as June, 1456, on account of a dating error in the original account on his stay in Budomel's village.</ref> Cadamosto came across two Portuguese caravels, one of which was commanded by [[Antoniotto Usodimare]], a [[Republic of Genoa|Genoese]] captain in Prince Henry's service, the other by an unnamed squire of Henry's household. They agreed to join forces and proceeded south together. After a brief fishing stop on some unnamed islands (probably [[Îles des Madeleines]]<ref>As proposed in Kerr (p.238n) and Verrier (1994: p.139). Russell (2000: p.304) cites only nearby [[Gorée]], but Cadamosto mention a cluster of islands, so it must include the Madeleines.</ref>), Cadamosto, Usodimare and the Portuguese squire sailed south, down the [[Petite Côte]] until they reached the [[Sine-Saloum]] delta, a stretch inhabited by the ''Sereri'' ([[Serer people]]). Cadamosto has nothing good to say about the Serer, characterizing them as savage idolaters "of great cruelty" (although we should note at this point his information is being drawn principally from Wolof interpreters).<ref>Cadamosto (Kerr, [http://books.google.com/books?id=YVjm2VmuOlgC&pg=PA239#v=onepage&q&f=false p.239]; Ital, [http://books.google.com/books?id=iZ5TZHXOnYcC&pg=RA2-PA113-IA8#v=onepage&q&f=false p.115]; Port: [http://books.google.com/books?id=eCsOAAAAYAAJ&dq=editions%3ALCCN05004414&as_brr=1&pg=PA51#v=onepage&q&f=false p.51]).</ref> Cadamosto claims he was the one who named the [[Saloum River]] as the ''Rio di Barbacini'', the name by which it would remain known on European maps thereafter.<ref>The term ''Barbacini'' is evidently derived from the [[Wolof language|Wolof]] appelation, ''Bor-ba-Sine'', i.e. the river of the king (''bor'') of [[Kingdom of Sine|Sine]], the kingdom on the north side of the Saloum, the name probably used by his Wolof interpreters. Curiously, Cadamosto distinguishes between the ''Sereri'' and the ''Barbacini'', insinuating they are different peoples, when in fact the [[Kingdom of Sine]] was itself a Serer kingdom. He seems 'Sereri' to denote merely the unorganized Serer tribes "without king" on the Wolof-Serer frontier, as distinct from the 'Barbacini', the Serer of the 'organized' Kingdom of Sine. Given that he never set foot in Serer country, he was doubtlessly drawing this characterization from his Wolof interpreters.</ref> Cadamosto and Usodimare tried to put in there, but quickly decided against it when an interpreter they landed to make contact with the local [[Serer people|Serer]] natives gathered on the beaches was killed on the spot. Pressing south, Cadamosto and Usodimare finally discovered the mouth of the [[Gambia River]] in late June or early July, 1455. They set about about sailing upriver, but their advance faced unremitting hostility from the [[Mandinka]] inhabitants upriver. Subjected to intense missile fire, they barely fended off a massed canoe attack that sought to trap and board them. According to Cadamosto's interpreters, the Mandinka believed the Portuguese were [[cannibals]], that they had come to the region to buy black men to eat (a curious interpretation of the Portuguese slave trade!)<ref>Cadamosto (Kerr, [http://books.google.com/books?id=YVjm2VmuOlgC&pg=PA243#v=onepage&q&f=false p.243]; Ital: [http://books.google.com/books?id=iZ5TZHXOnYcC&pg=RA2-PA114#v=onepage&q&f=false p.116r] ; Port: [http://books.google.com/books?id=eCsOAAAAYAAJ&dq=editions%3ALCCN05004414&as_brr=1&pg=PA57#v=onepage&q&f=false p.57]</ref> Urged by their frightened crews (and probably desirous to keep his human cargo intact - he had been carrying a shipload of slaves since Cayor), Cadamosto decided to call off venturing further and backed out of the river. Cadamosto does not supply details of the return trip to Portugal. At the mouth of the Gambia, Cadamosto made a note of the near-disappearance of the northern [[Pole Star]] on the horizon, and roughly sketched a bright constellation to the south, believed to be the first known depiction of the [[Southern Cross]] constellation (albeit wrongly positioned and with too many stars - a more accurate rendition would have to wait until Mestre [[João Faras]] in 1500.) <ref>Cadamosto (Kerr, [http://books.google.com/books?id=YVjm2VmuOlgC&pg=PA244#v=onepage&q&f=false p.244]; Ital: [http://books.google.com/books?id=iZ5TZHXOnYcC&pg=RA2-PA114#v=onepage&q&f=false p.116r] Port: [http://books.google.com/books?id=eCsOAAAAYAAJ&dq=editions%3ALCCN05004414&as_brr=1&pg=PA57#v=onepage&q&f=false p.57]</ref> Cadamosto called it the ''carro dell' ostro'' (southern chariot). It is known that the fleet was back in Portugal before the end of the year, as [[Antoniotto Usodimare]] would write a letter dated December 12, 1455, to his creditors back in [[Genoa]], reporting the results of his voyage (albeit with much exaggeration, and without mentioning Cadamosto). === Second Journey (1456) === [[File:1771 Bonne Map of the Guinea Coast of West Africa and the Cape Verde Islands - Geographicus - Guinea-bonne-1771.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Map of the [[Cape Verde]] islands and the [[Guinea (region)|Guinea]] coast, c.1771]] Cadamosto set out again from [[Lagos, Portugal|Lagos]] in May 1456, this time not alone, but together with [[Antoniotto Usodimare]] and another caravel with an unnamed Portuguese captain, another servant of Prince [[Henry the Navigator|Henry]]. The three vessels made no known trading stops, intending to sail straight to the [[Gambia River]] (probably per Prince Henry's instructions). Catching a storm around [[Cape Vert]] peninsula, the little fleet was forced to sail west, away from the coast for two days and three nights (about 300 miles) and stumbled on the as-yet-undiscovered archipelago of the [[Cape Verde islands]].<ref>Cadamosto (Kerr: [http://books.google.com/books?id=YVjm2VmuOlgC&pg=PA246#v=onepage&q&f=false p.246]; Ital: [http://books.google.com/books?id=iZ5TZHXOnYcC&pg=RA2-PA115#v=onepage&q&f=false p.119]; Port: [http://books.google.com/books?id=eCsOAAAAYAAJ&dq=editions%3ALCCN05004414&as_brr=1&pg=PA59#v=onepage&q&f=false p.59].</ref> Cadamosto, Usodimare and the unnamed captain scouted several of the uninhabited islands, believing them to be four in number (although Cadamosto notes in his account that later explorers would find them to be ten). They anchored first on an island which they named ''Buona Vista'' ([[Boa Vista, Cape Verde|Boa Vista]]), before proceeding on to a larger island, which they named ''San Jacobo'' ([[Santiago, Cape Verde|Santiago]]) (according to Cadamosto, on account of it being the feast of SS. [[Philip the Apostle|Philip]] and [[James the Just|James]] - probably an error<ref>The feast SS. Philip and James actually fell on May 1 in the [[liturgical calendar]] of the time. But Cadmosto reports they departed Portugal already in May. An alternative proposal (e.g. Quintella, p.129) is that it is his departure date that is mistakenly written - that Cadamosto really departed in March or April, 1456 and reached Cape Verde islands before May 1. Damião de Góis writes that on their second trip, they took "sixteen days" to reach Cape Vert, and claims they called the islands ''Boa Vista'', the second ''Santiago & São Felipe'' "on account of it being 1st of May" and a third island ''[[Maio, Cape Verde|Maio]]'' "in memory of the month they discovered it." (Gois, 1567: [http://books.google.com/books?id=_IoDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA22#v=onepage&q&f=false p.22])</ref>) Finding the islands uninteresting, they headed on. (Note: although Cadamosto's claims credit for the discovery of the Cape Verde islands, this is disputed by [[Diogo Gomes]], who claims he discovered the islands, together with [[Antonio da Noli]], in 1462 (sometimes dated 1460)<ref>R.H. Major (1868: [http://books.google.com/books?id=x249AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA277#v=onepage&q&f=false p.277]) and Armando Cortesão (1931: [http://books.google.com/books?id=2PbNS0LHn60C&lpg=PP1&pg=PA35#v=onepage&q&f=false p.35]) are among those who express strong doubts that Cadamosto ever saw the Cape Verde islands, and suggest instead that Cadamosto was trying to retroactively abscond with the credit due properly to Gomes and Noli. Among the inconsistencies noted by Major (p.286-87): (1) the feast of SS. James & Philip is on May 1st, inconsistent with Cadamosto's departure date; (2) Cadamosto claims he was driven to the islands by a southwesterly wind - an impossibility as Boa Vista lies southwest from Cape Vert; (3) that he visibly saw several islands from a hilltop on Boa Vista - they could not have seen more than one (Sal island); (4) that he found a freshwater river big enough for a large ship to enter - the islands are parched, there are no streams anywhere on the islands "big enough to float a canoe"; (5) there is no salt lagoons nor turtles on Santiago island, as Cadamosto claims to have found. Cortesão (p.37) goes even further than major, suggesting that the entire second trip of Cadamosto of 1456, including the trip up the river and the dealings with Battimansa, Niumimansa, et al. were all fabricated by Cadamosto, that they were fully pinched from the accounts of Diogo Gomes and his companions.</ref>) Cadamosto, Usodimare and the unnamed Portuguese captain proceeded to enter the [[Gambia River]] again, albeit this time without opposition. They sailed about 15 km (10 Italian miles, 15 km) upriver and anchored briefly on a [[river island]] they named ''Santo Andrea'' (to bury a deceased crew member, named Andrea; the island is believed to be modern [[Dog Island, Gambia|Dog Island]]<ref>As identified in Kerr (p.248), LeGrand (1928: p.442), Teixera da Mota (1946), Verrier (1994: p.141). In 1651, [[Courland colonization|colonists]] from the [[Duchy of Courland]] built a fort a little upriver on what is now called [[Kunta Kinteh Island]] and was then called "St. Andrew's island"; evidently, Cadamosto's name ''Santo André'' got transferred from Dog island to Kunta Kinteh island (until recently known as James Island) sometime in the interim. However, Russell (2000: p.310) and Bühnen (1992: p.95) asserts Cadamosto's original island is modern Kinta Kinteh rather than Dog Island. However, Cadamosto asserts they sailed 10 Italian miles (approx. 12.5-15 km) upriver. Dog Island is 13 km. Kunta Kinteh is 40 km.</ref>). [[File:Gambia River (1732).jpg|right|thumb|320px|Map of the [[Gambia River]] and surrounding area, c.1732]] The trio proceeded upriver carefully, warily watched by native [[Mandinka]] canoes, but this time no hostilities or ambushes emerged. Eventually, one the interpreters managed to entice some of the canoe-borne natives aboard the Portuguese ships and opened peaceful contact. The natives identified themselves as subjects of king ''Forosangoli'' (of the southern bank of the Gambia)<ref>'Forosangoli' (also mentioned by Diogo Gomes as "Farisaigul") was said to have his residence some nine to ten days southwest of the river. Bühnen (1992) believes this is a reference to the ''faran'' of Sankola, southeast of the river. A ''faran'' is a provincial military governor (akin to a [[duke]]), of Mali, Sankola a semi-legendary kingdom deep in the upper Gambia. (see Bühnen, 1992; Wright, 1976). Teixeira da Mota (1946) and Verrier (1994) identify him as ''Faran Sani Coli'' on the south bank of the river.</ref> and that he, and most other Mandinka kings along the Gambia river were all vassal subjects of the [[Mali Empire|Emperor of Mali]] (''Impatore di Melli''), and that some of the local kings were willing to meet the Portuguese. Following the instructions of his interlocutors, Cadamosto sailed some 60 Italian miles up the Gambia river, reaching the residence of the [[Mandinka people|Mandinka]] king he called ''Battimansa'', [[Mandinka language|Mandinka]] for "king of the Batti' (probably [[Badibu]], on the north side of the river).<ref>Cadamosto (Kerr, [http://books.google.com/books?id=YVjm2VmuOlgC&pg=PA249#v=onepage&q&f=false p.249]; Ital: [http://books.google.com/books?id=iZ5TZHXOnYcC&pg=RA2-PA117#v=onepage&q&f=false p.118] Port. [http://books.google.com/books?id=eCsOAAAAYAAJ&dq=editions%3ALCCN05004414&as_brr=1&pg=PA63#v=onepage&q&f=false p.63]). The identification of Batimansa as the king of Badibu is found in several places, e.g. Teixeira da Mota (1946), Verrier (1994: p.141), A. Hughes and D. Perfect (2008, p.29). However, the distances aren't helpful. Cadamosto cites 60 Italian miles, which is approximately 80-90 km upriver. As a result, Russell (2000: p.311) identifies "Batti" as around [[Bintang Bolong]] creek on the south bank of the Gambia {{coord|13|19|31|N|16|13|25|W}}). However, Kerr (p.249) identifies it as as 'Devil's Point' on the north bank, much further east {{coord|13|28|29|N|15|36|42|W}}. Although double the distance cited by Cadamosto (around 160 km), it corresponds better with the 'narrowing' of the river he describes and is indeed in the environs of the Badibu kingdom. Taking it even further, Bühnen (1992: p.95-96) identifies ''Batti'' with Pating, much further inland, at around 240 km upriver, placing Cadamosto within a stone's throw of the market center of Cantor, which seems unlikely. [[Diogo Gomes]] cites ''Batimansa'' as being a great lord on the south side of the river.</ref> They were well received, but disappointed at the little evidence of the large amounts of gold they had expected to find. They engaged in some petty trade with the locals, in particular [[musk]] (invaluable to European perfumers), and imply they even acquired live specimens of African [[civet]] cat.<ref>in Kerr, p.249-50</ref> Cadamosto mentions interacting with another lord, ''Guumimensa'', whose dominion was closer to the mouth of the river. This is probably none other than the formidable 'Niumimansa', king of the Niumi-Banta of [[Barra, the Gambia|Barra]] region, whose rule extended over Niumi-Bato ([[Niominka]]) of the [[Diombos River]] shore, an old antagonist of Portuguese explorers.<ref>Teixeira da Mota (p.60) notes that 'Guumimensa' in the text is meant to be 'Gnumimansa', an Italian spelling of ''Niumimansa''. In [[Mandinka language]], ''Niumi'' means 'coast' and ''mansa'' is 'king', thus 'Niumimansa' is the king of the Mandinka of the Atlantic coast, that is, to the west of Badibu. Da Mota notes this is likely the same king who a little later (c.1458) met [[Diogo Gomes]] and may have earlier (either him or a predecessor, back in 1440s) been responsible for the death of Portuguese captain [[Nuno Tristão]] in 1446 and the defeat of another squadron led by [[Estêvão Afonso]] in 1447. Old maps distinguish between two groups, the ''Niumi-bato'' (probably ancestral to the modern [[Niominka people]], up near the [[Diombos river]] in the [[Sine-Saloum]] delta, the likely slayers of Nuno Tristão) and the ''Niumi-banta'' (ancestral to the western Mandinka of the "[[Barra, the Gambia|Barra]]" region at the mouth of the Gambia, defeaters of Afonso, and probably Cadamosto & Gomes's 'Niumimansa'.) Note that the latter Niumimansa is said to have had a seasonal residence right by [[Dog Island, Gambia|Dog Island]], Cadamosto's first stop (Teixera da Mota, p.63: n.64). Wright (1976) asserts the Niumi Bato, Niumi Banta and Jokadu were all under the same ''mansa''.</ref> However, Cadamosto reports their relations went quite smoothly. Cadamosto and his companions stayed in Badibu for 11 days, before departing. They did not discover the commercial center of [[Kantora|Cantor]], which was still several miles upriver (it was only discovered a couple of years later, by [[Diogo Gomes]]). But he did discover [[malaria]], and his crew quickly fell ill with fevers. It was probably this epidemic that prompted Cadamosto to cut short his stay and leave the Gambia river, back to the ocean, where the fevers seemed to have subsided. Resolved to continue exploring the West African coast, Cadamosto's trio set sail south, doubling [[Cape St. Mary]] ({{coord|13|29|10|N|16|40|6|W}}) and carefully navigating the dangerous [[Breaker (reef)|breakers]] around [[Bald Cape]] ({{coord|13|22|47|N|16|47|43|W}}), reporting a couple of rivers along the way (none of which he names). A few days later, Cadamosto and his companions discovered the mouth of the [[Casamance River]] ({{coord|12|33|22|N|16|45|44|W}}).<ref>Cadamosto (in Kerr, [http://books.google.com/books?id=YVjm2VmuOlgC&pg=PA255#v=onepage&q&f=false p.255]; Ital: [http://books.google.com/books?id=iZ5TZHXOnYcC&pg=RA2-PA120#v=onepage&q&f=false p.119r]; Port: [http://books.google.com/books?id=eCsOAAAAYAAJ&dq=editions%3ALCCN05004414&as_brr=1&pg=PA69#v=onepage&q&f=false p.69])</ref> They named the river after the local lord ''Casamansa'', king ('mansa') of [[Kasa (kingdom)|Kasa]] (called ''Casangas'' by later Portuguese, a now near-extinct people, related to the [[Bainuk people]]). They sent a couple of launches to land to open contact, but being told the king was absent on campaign, Cadamosto did not linger but decided to continue on. Sailing south, the fleet reached a red-colored headland they named ''Capo Rosso'' ([[Cape Roxo]], {{coord|12|20|8|N|16|42|47|W}}, today marking the border between the republic of [[Senegal]] and [[Guinea-Bissau]]).<ref>Capo Rosso translates to "Red Cape" in [[Italian language|Italian]], which has led some Portuguese cartographers to translate it to "Cabo Vermelho". But this should not be confused with another 'Cabo Vermelho' (Cape Rouge, or Red Cape, further up near the Bay of Dakar). To avoid confusion, Portuguese cartographers largely adopted the Cadamosto's Italian label, adjusting it to "Cape Roxo" (which translates to "Cape Purple" in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]). See Quintella (p.133n.)</ref> In his account, Cadamosto names two large rivers beyond the Cape Roxo promontory - ''Santa Anna'' and ''San Dominico'' - which are a little confusing. It is believed one is likely to be the [[Cacheu River]] ({{coord|12|10|32|N|16|20|47|W}}, often indicated in later Portuguese maps as ''Rio de São Domingos'') while the other river is probably one of the branches (''Rio de Jatta'' or ''Rio das Ancoras'') of the [[Mansôa River]] ({{coord|11|51|34|N|15|58|24|W}})<ref>Alternatively, Rio de Santa Ana could be simply the small river of Rio Sucujaque ({{coord|12|19|57|N|16|39|26|W}}), just after Cape Roxo, but that is unlikely to be worth mentioning as "comparable" to Cacheu. R.H. Henry (1868: [http://books.google.com/books?id=x249AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA284#v=onepage&q&f=false p.284-5]) proposes Cadamosto likely affixed Santa Anna to Cacheu and St. Dominico to Rio Mansoa, and the names got shifted later. However, A.M. Castilho insists on assigning St. Dominico originally to the Cacheu River, noting that in Portuguese maps, the Souta river (now [[Kalissaye River]], {{coord|12|41|45|N|16|46|49|W}}), was called "Rio de Santa Ana". However, the Souta is ''north'' of Casamance, suggesting that Cadamosto just confused his account, and placed both after Cape Roxo.(Castilho, [http://books.google.com/books?id=8ikiSWPVYDUC&pg=PA134#v=onepage&q&f=false p.135]). This view is supported by Verrier (1994: p.12, 143)</ref> A day later, Cadamosto discovered a great river (''grandissimo fiume''), which they named ''Rio Grande'' (the [[Geba River]] - more precisely, the wide estuary it forms together with the [[Corubal River]], it doesn't seem they actually entered the river itself) ({{coord|11|45|N|15|38|W}}).<ref>Although not seeming to witness the famous ''macareo'' or [[tidal bore]] of the Geba River, Cadamosto does refer to the asymmetry of the [[tide]] (4 hours rising, 8 hours falling) and the incredible strength of the current at the beginning of high tide, that even three anchors could barely hold the ship in place.</ref> After anchoring near the southern bank of the estuary, they were approached by a couple of long native canoes from the mainland (no identification given, probably [[Balantas]] or [[Biafares]])<ref>Curiously, Cadamosto notes that the native canoes approached their ships holding up a [[white flag]] as a sign of peace - "levorono un fazzuol bianco, alto ligato ad un remo, quasi a mode di dimandar segurta'" (Cadamosto, Ital: p.120). It is probably a coincidence. It is unlikely the white flag norm of parlay, although already prevalent in the Mediterranean, would have made its way this far south.</ref> A few trinkets were traded with the canoes, but they were unable to open communication, as their on-ship interpreters (Wolof and/or Mandinka) did not understand their native language. After a couple of days, they lifted anchor and made their way to some "of the many islands in the sea" (the [[Bissagos Islands]]), but were found it just as impossible to communicate with the inhabitants there. Given the language barrier, they saw no point in proceeding further. Cadamosto, Usodimare and the unnamed Portuguese captain set sail back to Portugal (details of their return journey are not given). === Achievement === The record of Portuguese discoveries prior to Alvise Cadamosto did not seem to have gone beyond the [[Sine-Saloum]] delta.<ref>See the review of expeditions by Teixeira da Mota (1946).</ref> The furthest pre-Cadamosto seems to have been the singular expedition of [[Álvaro Fernandes]] in 1446, which may have reached as far as [[Cape Roxo]], but this was not followed up. The 1447 expedition led by [[Estêvão Afonso]] did not go beyond the beginning of the estuary of the [[Gambia River]], and thereafter expeditions below [[Cape Vert]] were largely suspended by Prince Henry. The principal barrier to the Portuguese seems to have been belligerence of the Niumi-Bato ([[Niominka]]) and the Niumi-Banta ([[Mandinka]] of Niumi (Barra)), both led by the same king, Niumimansa.<ref>Teixeira da Mota (1946)</ref> Cadamosto encountered that hostility on his first expedition of 1455. But on his second trip, in 1456, opposition fell away for some reason, and he managed to become the first European (along with [[Antoniotto Usodimare]] and their anonymous companions) to sail up the [[Gambia River]]. It is uncertain what caused this change of attitude from one year to the next - a new Niumimansa? A shift in senegambian politics? The unreliable [[Diogo Gomes]] later boasted that he sailed to the Gambia sometime between 1456 and 1458 and single-handedly negotiated a peace with the Niumimansa, although this is likely exaggerated.<ref>Diogo Gomes, [http://books.google.com/books?id=-USdAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA282#v=onepage&q&f=false p.282]; Russell, 2000 p.331. However, Cortesão (1931: p.37) suggests it was Diogo Gomes is truthful, that Cadamosto never undertook his second trip at all, but pinched the account - including the dealings with Battimansa, Niumimansa etc. - wholesale from Gomes and others. Curiously, Damião de Góis (1567:p.22) credits them with discovering the Cape Verde islands, but makes no mention of their second entry into the Gambia or sojourn there, claiming instead they sailed straight from the islands to Casamance, and went on as far only to Cape Roxo, before turning back.</ref>) Once they opened the Gambia River, Cadamosto and Usodimare led the next great leap of Henrican discoveries in Africa - [[Cape Verde islands]], the [[Casamance River]], [[Cape Roxo]], [[Cacheu River]] and finally the [[Geba River]] and [[Bissagos Islands]]. The length of coast they discovered in 1456 was the greatest leap in the Portuguese era of discoveries since 1446. Much the same coast would be covered again by [[Diogo Gomes]] around 1458 (possibly as early as 1456, probably sent by Henry as a follow up to Cadamosto's report) and 1462. Cadamosto's furthest marker would only really be surpassed by [[Pedro de Sintra]] in 1461-62. == Return to Venice == After his return in 1456, Cadamosto continued to live in [[Lagos, Portugal|Lagos]] for many years, suggesting he must have continued to engage, directly or indirectly, in West African commerce. It is not known whether Cadamosto himself made any further trips down the African coast.<ref>He does not mention any, although Russell (2000: 296) believes he might have.</ref> Cadamosto bluntly states that there were no other voyages of exploratory significance by anyone after 1456, until the expedition of [[Pedro de Sintra]] in 1462. Cadamosto acquired the details of that expedition from Sintra's clerk upon its return. Cadamosto's patron, Prince [[Henry the Navigator]], died in November 1460, and the monopoly on African trade reverted to the Portuguese crown and its operations were gradually transferred from Lagos to [[Lisbon]]. Probably seeing no future for himself in the new order, Cadamosto left Portugal and returned to [[Venice]] in February 1463. Cadamosto is believed to have brought notes, logs and several nautical maps with him. Cadamosto used these to compose his famous ''Navigationi'' sometime in the mid-1460s. The ''Navigazioni'', besides generally hailing the Portuguese discoveries and lionizing Prince Henry, provided detailed accounts of three expeditions - his own voyages of 1455 and 1456, and the voyage of [[Pedro de Sintra]] in 1462. He is believed to have delivered much of his primary material to the Venetian cartographer [[Grazioso Benincasa]], as Benincasa went on to produce an atlas in 1468, depicting the West African coast with remarkable accuracy.<ref>Brotton (1998: p.60); Russell, (2000: p.341)</ref> The ''Navigationi'' were probably written in an effort to advertise his accomplishments, and rescue his family name. Upon his return, Cadamosto managed to recover some of his family's property from his Querini relatives and, a couple of years later, married Elisabetta di Giorgio Venier, a rich noblewoman but of frail health - she died without bearing him a child.<ref>A. da Mosto (1883), Verrier (1994: p.14)</ref> He returned to commerce, with trading interests as far afield as Spain, Alexandria, Syria and England, and with fortune and connections restored, carved out a diplomatic and administrative career for the [[Republic of Venice]] alongside it. Cadamosto served as Venetian [[proveditor]] in [[Cattaro]], then in [[Corone]], and was sent on diplomatic missions to [[Dalmatia]] and [[Duchy of Saint Sava|Herzegovina]].<ref>Verrier (1994: p.14)</ref> After the fall of [[Lordship of Negroponte|Negroponte]] in 1470, Cadamosto was placed in charge of devising a plan for the defense of [[Albania]] against the [[Ottomans]]. In 1481, Alvise Cadamosto was elected captain of the Venetian [[Alexandria]] galley fleet, ending his naval career on the same ships where he started. He died in 1483, in the [[Polesine]], while on diplomatic mission to [[Rovigo]] to assess the spoils acquired by the Venetian Republic after their victory over [[Ercole I d'Este, Duke of Ferrara]] in the [[War of Ferrara]].<ref>Verrier (1994: p.15)</ref> (although in some accounts, the date of his death is sometimes given as early as 1477 and as late as 1488). == The ''Navigazioni'' == For historians of the [[Portuguese discoveries]] under [[Henry the Navigator]], Alvise Cadamosto's accounts, the ''Navigazioni'', have proven to be an invaluable document. Cadamosto's accounts, [[Gomes Eanes de Zurara]]'s chronicle and the memoirs of [[Diogo Gomes]], are practically all that remain of the contemporary written record of the Henrican discoveries.<ref>Although it is often assumed that Prince Henry must have privately kept records of the expeditions he sent out, no such records have ever been found. It is believed that whatever remained of Henry's private papers (if not already long lost), was destroyed in the 1755 [[Lisbon earthquake]]. Cadamosto, Zurara, Gomes and a few scraps in the royal archives (collected in the ''Monumenta Henricina'' in the 1960s) are all that remain of the documentary record of the Henrican discoveries.</ref> Indeed, until the publication of [[João de Barros]]'s ''Decadas da Asia'' in 1552 (which drew on a manuscript draft of Zurara's chronicle), Cadamosto's ''Navigazioni'' was the only published work circulating in Europe about the Portuguese discoveries. Cadamosto emphasized the central role of Prince Henry, and was instrumental in building up the image of the Navigator Prince for posterity. Compared to the hagiographic Zurara and the fallible Gomes, historians have relished and lauded the reliability and detail provided by Cadamosto, giving a richer and clearer view of how the Henrican enterprise operated.<ref>Russell (2000) is highly laudatory of Cadamosto's account (and, by contrast, distrustful of Diogo Gomes's account). However, some older historians, notably R.H. Major (1868) and Armando Cortesão (1931), take the opposite position, believing Diogo Gomes's account to be the more trustworthy one, and that Cadamosto riddled his account with errors and half-truths, that he stole most of it from others.</ref> Cadamosto's accounts are also invaluable for historians of Africa, providing the first written detailed accounts of the [[Senegambia]] region, beyond the fringes touched one century earlier by Arab historian [[Ibn Battuta]]. Cadamosto gives a summary of contemporary European knowledge about West Africa. He describes the [[Mali Empire]] (''Melli'') and the [[Trans-Saharan trade]], e.g. how Berber caravans carry the Saharan [[salt]] from desert pans like [[Teghaza]] (''Tegazza'') to frontier cities like [[Timbuctu]] (''Tombutto''). <ref>Cadamosto (in Kerr, [http://books.google.com/books?id=YVjm2VmuOlgC&pg=PA215#v=onepage&q&f=false p.215]; Ital: [http://books.google.com/books?id=iZ5TZHXOnYcC&pg=RA2-PA108#v=onepage&q&f=false p.108]; Port: [http://books.google.com/books?id=eCsOAAAAYAAJ&dq=editions%3ALCCN05004414&as_brr=1&pg=PA21#v=onepage&q&f=false p.21])</ref> He goes to explain how gold coming out of the heart of Mali goes out in three parts, one to ''Cochia'' ([[Kukiya]]) and then eastwards onto Egypt, the second via Timbuctu to ''Toet'' ([[Tuat]]) and then north towards Tunisia, and a third part, also via Timbuctu, goes west to ''Hoden'' ([[Ouadane]]), destined for Morocco, part of which is deviated to the Portuguese [[Factory (trading post)|factory]] at [[Arguin]].<ref>Cadamosto (Kerr, p.218; Ital: p.110; Port: p.25)</ref> Cadamosto is the first known person to refer to the [[Senegal River]] by its recognizably modern name (''Rio di Senega'') rather than the "western Nile". Curiously, Cadamosto notes that the Senegal was probably the ''Niger'' of [[classical antiquity|ancient]] geographers (e.g. [[Ptolomey]]). He repeats the old error of assuming that the Senegal river and the (actual) [[Niger River|Niger]] river are connected to each other, forming one great east-west river, and relates the legend that it was believed to be a tributary of the great [[Biblical]] river of [[Gihon]] (''Gion'') that flowed from the [[Garden of Eden]] across the lands of [[Aethiopia (Classical Greek term)|Aethiopia]].<ref>Cadamosto (Kerr, p.220; Ital: p.110; Port: p.27)</ref> Cadamosto describes the [[Wolof Empire|Wolof]] (''Gilofi'') empire, which he notes was bound on the east by the [[Fula people|Fula]] [[Tekrur]]/[[Toucouleur people|Toucouleur]] (''Tuchusor'') and to the south by the [[Mandinka]] states of the [[Gambia River]] (''Gambra'') <ref>Cadamosto (Kerr, p.221; Ital: p.110; Port: p.28)</ref> Cadamosto goes into quite some detail on the politics, society and culture of the Wolof states. He supplies a meticulously detailed eyewitness description of the [[Cayor]] village he stayed in 1455, the [[Damel]]'s court, the people, customs, economy, local fauna and flora, etc.<ref>Cadamosto (Kerr, p.225-37 ; Ital: p.111-14; Port: p.27-48)</ref> The details demonstrate Cadamosto's sheer curiosity - he describes the courtly customs, the houses, the use of [[cowrie shell]]s as currency, the food and drink, the operation of local markets, livestock and cultivation, the production of palm wine, weapons, the dances and music, the reaction to European novelties (clothes, ships, cannon, bag-pipes). In all this, Cadamosto's narrative evinces a degree of honest curiosity and absence of prejudice perhaps surprising for a European of that era. Cadamosto attempts a similarly detailed account of the [[Mandinka people|Mandinka]] people of the [[Gambia River]], making particular note of their abundant [[cotton]] (rare in Wolof areas), although not nearly as complete, as he did not seem to venture much away from his boats there.<ref>Cadamosto, (Kerr, [http://books.google.com/books?id=YVjm2VmuOlgC&pg=PA251#v=onepage&q&f=false p.251]; Ital: [http://books.google.com/books?id=iZ5TZHXOnYcC&pg=RA2-PA118#v=onepage&q&f=false p.118r]; Port: [http://books.google.com/books?id=eCsOAAAAYAAJ&dq=editions%3ALCCN05004414&as_brr=1&pg=PA65#v=onepage&q&f=false p.65])</ref> He does not cease to marvel at the extraordinary wildlife which is far more plentiful around the Gambia, notably the [[hippopotamus]] (which he calls the "horse fish") and the largely unfamiliar [[African elephant]] (whose meat he was tempted to taste - a piece of which he salted and brought back to Portugal for Prince Henry himself; a preserved elephant's foot would be forwarded to Henry's sister, [[Isabella of Portugal (1397–1471)|Isabella, Duchess of Burgundy]].).<ref>In Kerr, p.252-53</ref> Cadamosto's accounts were first published in Italian at the head of the famous 1507 Montalbado collection ''Paesi novamente retrovati''. It was quickly followed by translations into Latin (1508), German (1508) and French (1515). The Italian version was reprinted in the famous [[Giovanni Battista Ramusio|Ramusio]] collection of 1550. Although reprinted and widely disseminated in other countries, a Portuguese translation did not appear until 1812. <ref>Review of Cadamosto's editions is found in Schefer (1895)</ref> Cadamosto was also long alleged to be the author of the ''Portolano del mare'', a [[rutter]] with sailing directions for the [[Mediterannean]] coasts, found in the library of St. Mark in Venice, with the publication stamp of Bernardo Rizzo in 1490. Cadamosto's authorship of the portolano has been generally discarded in modern times.<ref>Mosto, 1883</ref> Editions of Cadamosto's ''Navigazioni'': * Original (1507): "Mondo Nuovo, Libro de la prima navigazione di Luigi di Cadamosto de la bassa Ethiopia ed altre cosa", in Francanzano Montalbado, editor, ''Paesi novamente retrovati et Novo Mondo da Alberico Vesputio Florentino intitulato'', published in Vicenza, 1507. (reprinted 1508, 1512, 1519, 1521) * Latin (1508) trans. by Archangelo Madrigini, Abbot of Casalo, in ''Itinerarium Portugallensium e Lusitania in Indiam et Inde in Occidentem et Demum ad Aquilonem'' published in Milan, 1508.<ref>[http://www.reeseco.com/cat250/250b.htm in William Reese catalogue 250.]</ref> [Latin trans. reprinted in Simon Grynaeus, ''Novus orbis regnorum et insularum veteribus incognitorum'', 1532] * German (1508) trans. by Jobstein Ruchamer, in ''Newe unbekante landte und ein newe weldte in kurt verganger zeythe erfunden'', published in Nuremberg, 1508 * French (1515): trans. by Mathurin du Redouer, ''Sensuyt le Nouveau monde & navigations faictes par Emeric Vespuce Florentin: Dez pays & isles nouvellement trouvez auparavant a nous inconneuz tant en l'Ethiope que Arrabie, Calichut et aultres plusiers regions estranges'', published in Paris, 1515. (1916 reprint [http://books.google.com/books?id=XjYSAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA9#v=onepage&q&f=false online]) (Reprint 1895, C. Schefer ed., ''Relation des voyages à la côte occidentale d'Afrique d'Alvise de Ca' da Mosto, 1455-1457'', Paris: Leroux [http://books.google.com/books?id=IZ42AAAAMAAJ&pg=PP11#v=onepage&q&f=false online]; New translation by Frédérique Verrier (1994) ''Voyages en Afrique Noire d'Alvise Ca'da Mosto (1455 & 1456)''. Paris: Chandeigne.) * Italian (Ramusio ed.): "Il Libro di Messer Alvise Ca da Mosto Gentilhuomo Venetiano" & "Navigatione del Capitano Pietro di Sintra Portoghese scritta per il medesimo M. Alvise da Ca da Mosto", as printed in Venice (1550), by [[Giovanni Battista Ramusio]], ed., ''Primo volume delle navigationi et viaggi nel qua si contine la descrittione dell'Africa, et del paese del Prete Ianni, on varii viaggi, dal mar Rosso a Calicut,& infin all'isole Molucche, dove nascono le Spetierie et la navigatione attorno il mondo.'' [http://books.google.com/books?id=iZ5TZHXOnYcC&pg=RA2-PA106-IA1#v=onepage&q&f=false online] * English: "Original Journals of the Voyages of Cada Mosto and Piedro de Cintra to the Coast of Africa, the former in the years 1455 and 1456, and the latter soon afterwards", reprinted in R. Kerr, 1811, ''A General History of Voyages and Travels to the end of the 18th century'', vol. 2, Edinburgh: Blackwood. [http://books.google.com/books?id=YVjm2VmuOlgC&pg=PA200#v=onepage&q&f=false Ch.4] [Another English edition is found G.R. Crone, ed, 1937, ''The Voyages of Cadamosto'', London: Haklyut] * Portuguese: "Navegações de Luiz de Cadamosto, a que se ajuntou a viagem de Pedro de Cintra, capitão Portuguez, traduzidas to Italiano.", in Academia Real das Sciencias, 1812, ''Collecção de noticias para a historia e geografia das nações ultramarinas: que vivem nos dominios portuguezes, ou lhes são visinhas'', [http://books.google.com/books?id=eCsOAAAAYAAJ&dq=editions%3ALCCN05004414&as_brr=1&pg=PR8-IA1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol. 2, Pt.1] [http://books.google.com/books?id=R4xPAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR5#v=onepage&q&f=false offprint] Apocryphal (not Cadamosto, but attributed to him in the past): * Unknown (1490) ''Il Portolano del mare di Alvise da Mosto, nobile Veneto, nel qual si dichiara minutamente del sito di tutti i Porti, quali sono da Venezia in Levante et in Ponente et d'altre cose utilissime & necessarie ai naviganti''. 1806 ed., Venice: Silvestro Gnoato. [http://books.google.com/books?id=j2grAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA7#v=onepage&q&f=false online] ==References== {{Reflist}} == Sources == * J. Brotton (1998) ''Trading territories: mapping the early modern world'', Cornell University Press * Bühnen, S. (1992) "Place Names as an Historical Source: An Introduction with Examples from Southern Senegambia and Germany", ''History in Africa'', Vol. 19, pp. 45–101 * Castilho, A.M. de (1866)'' Descripção e roteiro da costa occidental de Africa, desde o cabo de Espartel até o das Agulhas''. 2 vols, Lisbon: Impresa Nacional. [http://books.google.com/books?id=8ikiSWPVYDUC&pg=PA341#v=onepage&q&f=false vol. 1] * Cortesão, Armando (1931) "Subsídios para a história do Descobrimento de Cabo Verde e Guiné", ''Boletim da Agencia Geral das Colonias'', No. 75. As reprinted in 1975, ''Esparsos'', vol. 1, Coimbra. [http://books.google.com/books?id=2PbNS0LHn60C&lpg=PP1&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false online] * G.R. Crone, ed. (1937) ''The Voyages of Cadamosto and other documents on Western Africa in the second half of the fifteenth century'', London: Hakluyt. * da Mosto, Andrea (1883) "Il portulano attribuito ad Alvise da Cà da Mosto", ''Bollettino della Società geografica italiana'', vol. 30, p. 540 [http://books.google.com/books?id=XdufAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false offprint] * Diffie, Bailey W., and George D. Winius (1977) ''Foundations of the Portuguese empire, 1415-1580''. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press * [[Damião de Góis]] (1567) ''Chronica do prinçipe Dom Ioam: rei que foi destes regnos segundo do nome, em que summariamente se trattam has cousas sustançiaes que nelles aconteçerão do dia de seu nasçimento atte ho em que el Rei Dom Afonso seu pai faleçeo'', 1905 edition, A.J. Gonçálvez Guimarãis ed. Coimbra: Imprensa da Universidade. [http://books.google.com/books?id=_IoDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR11#v=onepage&q&f=false online] * [[Diogo Gomes]] ''De prima inventione Guineae'' (Portuguese translation by Gabriel Pereira (1898–99) as "As Relações do Descobrimento da Guiné e das ilhas dos Açores, Madeira e Cabo Verde" in ''Boletim da Sociedade de Geografia de Lisboa'', no. 5 [http://books.google.com/books?id=-USdAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA266-IA1#v=onepage&q&f=false online]) * Hughes, A. and D. Perfect (2008) ''Historical Dictionary of the Gambia'', 4th ed., Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow. * LeGrand, G. (1928) "La Gambie: notes historiques et géographiques" ''Bulletin du Comité d'études historiques et scientifiques de l'Afrique Occidentale Française'', Jul-sep, p. 432-84 * Major, R.H. (1868) ''The Life of Prince Henry, surnamed the Navigator''. London: Asher & Co. [http://books.google.com/books?id=x249AAAAYAAJ&pg=PP13#v=onepage&q&f=false 1868 ed.] * Quintella, Ignacio da Costa (1839) ''Annaes da Marinha Portugueza'', Lisbon: Academia Real das Sciencias, vol. 1. * Russell, Peter E. (2000) ''Prince Henry 'the Navigator': a life''. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press. * C. Schefer (1895) "Introduction" in ''Relation des voyages à la côte occidentale d'Afrique d'Alvise de Ca' da Mosto, 1455-1457'', Paris: Leroux * Teixera da Mota, Avelino (1946) "A descoberta da Guiné", ''Boletim cultural da Guiné Portuguesa'', Vol. 1. Part 1 in No. 1 (Jan), p. 11-68, Pt. 2 in No. 2 (Apr), p. 273-326; Pt. 3 in No. 3 (Jul), p. 457-509. * Teixira da Mota,A. (1972) ''Mar, além Mar: Estudos e ensaios de história e geographia.'' Lisbon: Junta de Investigações do Ultramar * Verrier, F. (1994) "Introduction", in ''Voyages en Afrique Noire d'Alvise Ca'da Mosto (1455 & 1456)''. Paris: Chandeigne. * Zurla, P. (1815) ''Dei viaggi e delle scoperte africane di Alvise da Cà da Mosto, Patrizio Veneto'', Venice. [http://books.google.com/books?id=B8AUAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false online] * Wright, D. (1976), ''Niumi: the history of a western Mandinka state through the eighteenth century''. Bloomington: Indiana University. ==External links== *[http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Alvise_Cadamosto Alvise Cadamosto] - article at ''[[Citizendium]]'' *[http://www.nndb.com/people/689/000095404/ NNDB on Alvise Cadamoto] ==See also== *[[List of explorers]] *[[Explorations]] {{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. --> | NAME = Cadamosto, Alvise | ALTERNATIVE NAMES = | SHORT DESCRIPTION = Explorer | DATE OF BIRTH = | PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Venice]] | DATE OF DEATH = 1488 | PLACE OF DEATH = }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Cadamosto, Alvise}} [[Category:People from Venice (city)]] [[Category:Italian explorers]] [[Category:15th-century explorers]] [[Category:Explorers of Africa]] [[Category:Portuguese maritime history]] [[bg:Алвизе Кадамосто]] [[cs:Alviso Cadamosto]] [[da:Alvise Cadamosto]] [[de:Alvise Cadamosto]] [[en:Alvise Cadamosto]] [[es:Alvise Cadamosto]] [[fr:Alvise Cadamosto]] [[it:Alvise Cadamosto]] [[nl:Alvise da Cadamosto]] [[no:Alvise Cadamosto]] [[nds:Alvise Cadamosto]] [[pt:Alvise Cadamosto]] [[ro:Alvise Cadamosto]] [[ru:Када-Мосто, Алоизий]] [[sl:Alvise Cadamosto]] [[sv:Alvise Cadamosto]]